Chapter 4 answers of Latin 1 book

I) Exercise b

1) Romanus; Marcus is a Roman boy.

2) Currunt; Flavia and Cornelia run in the garden.

3) Amici; Marcus and Sextus are friends.

4) Servus; Marcus is not a slave.

5) Servi; the boys are not slaves.

6) Ascendit; Marcus will not climb the tree.

7) Marce; Marcus, why won’t you climb the tree?

8) Britannicus; Davus is a British man.

9) Defessae; Cornelia and Flavia are tired.

10) Multi/laborant; Many slaves work in Italy.

II) Exercise c

1) Sextus Davum saepe vexat; Sextum Davus non amat. – Sextus often annoys Davus; Davus does not like Sextus.

2) Puellae Marcum et servum conspiciunt. – The girls catch sight of Marcus and the slave.

3) Magna vox puellam terret. – The loud voice frightens the girl.

4) Magnam arborem Sextus ascendit. – Sextus climbs a big tree.

5) Pueri fragorem audiunt et in hortum currunt. – The boys hear the noise and run into the garden.

6) Davus, qui fragorem audit, est iratus. – Davus, who hears the noise, is angry.

III) Exercise d

1) Sextus semper Cornelia vexat.

2) Cornelia est defessa et sub arbore dormit.

3) Marcus ad arborem currit et puerum molestum conspicit.

4) Nihil Sextum terret.

5) Marcus fragorem audit.

A Slave Runs Away

All the Cornelians are now in the carriage. They are looking for Rome through the Appian Way.

Meanwhile in the villa, Davus is worried. Davus is the Cornelians’ overseer and, if the master goes away, the overseer himself takes care of the master’s villa. Therefore, Davus orders all the slaves that are in the open space near the villa to come. Shortly, the open space is full of slaves and slave-women who create a lot of noise.

Then Davus himself cones and shouts in a loud voice, “Silence, everyone! Hear me! Although the master is away, it is necessary for us to work hard.”

Then the slaves mutter, “Davus wants to be the master. Look! He is holding a stick. He can beat us up. It is necessary, therefore, to do as he orders.” Therefore, the slaves return to the fields because they are afraid of the overseer’s stick.

But Geta does not return. He neither likes the overseer, and neither is he afraid of the overseer’s anger. Therefore, that night, because he no longer wants to work in the fields, he prepares food and runs away from the villa. No one sees him, no one hinders him. Now through the fields, now through the road he hurries. When it is day, he hides himself in the branches of a tree. There he sleeps.

Meanwhile, although it is not yet light, Davus awakens all the slaves. He goes out into the fields and there he orders everyone to work. But he does not see Geta. Where is Geta? Davus is therefore angry, then worried. He stands at the gate of the villa and looks down the road; but does not see Geta.

Exercise 11a

1) Davus servos ad area prope villam venire iubet.

2) Ei magnum clamorem faciunt.

3) Necesse est servi strenue laborare.

4) Quod Davus magnum baculum habere, et servos verberare potest.

5) Quod neque vilicum amat neque iram vilici timet Geta.

6) Quod non dormit ad nocte, et defessus est.

7) Quod si dominus ad villam redire et Geta in villa non est, dominus [eram iratabam].

Exercize 11b

1) Marcus is Cornelia’s brother.

2) Cornelia is Marcus’s sister.

3) Cornelius is Aurelia’s husband.

4) Aurelia is Cornelius’s wife.

5) Marcus is the son of Cornelius and Aurelia.

6) Cornelia is the daughter (filia) of Cornelius and Aurelia.

7) Cornelius and Aurelia are the parents (parentes) of Marcus and Cornelia.

8) Marcus and Cornelia are the children (liberi) of Cornelius and Aurelia.

9) Aurelia is the mother (mater) of Marcus and Cornelia

10) Cornelius is the father (pater) of Marcus and Cornelia.

Exercize 11c

1) Liberi in raeda senatoris sunt. The children are in the carriage of the senator.

2) Marcus est frater Corneliae. Marcus is Cornelia’s brother.

3) Nuntius filium Cornelii salutat. The messenger greets Cornelius’s son.

4) Servi iram vilici timent. The slaves are afraid of the overseer’s anger.

5) Effugit Geta et in ramis arboris se celat. Geta runs away and hides himself in the branches of a tree.

6) Magna vox Davie um terret. The loud voice of Davus frightens him.

7) Davus, vilicus Corneliorum, Getam videre non potest. Davus, the Cornelians’ overseer, cannot see Geta.

8) Si Cornelius abest, Davus villam domini curat. If Cornelius is away, Davus takes care of the master’s villa.

9) Magnus numerus servorum est in area. There is a large number of slaves in the open space.

Exercize 11d

1) Davus est vilicus Cornelii, et Cornelius est dominus Davi.

2) Area plena numerorum servorum et ancillarum.

3) Servi Davi baculum timent.

4) Geta iram vilici timet.

5) Geta in rami arboris dormit.-

Water report

Introduction: We are studying biology, which is the study of life. All life needs water to survive, which is why studying it is important. This lab will focus on the properties of this vital substance and compare it to others like it. The three parts of the lab will discuss water’s specific heat, the surface tensions of three different substances, and water as a solvent.

Problem: A) If you heat both alcohol and water at the same temperature and for the same amount of time, which will have a higher temperature at the conclusion of the experiment? Which will cool down more quickly?

B1) Which liquid has more surface tension: water, alcohol, or soapy water? If you drip any of these three substances on a penny, which will roll off faster (be able to hold least long drip-wise on the penny without spilling off the side)?

B2) Does water’s surface tension decrease if you add soapy water to the substance?

C) Will temperature have an effect on how much salt you can dissolve in water?

Hypothesis: A) I think that Alcohol will heat up faster than water, because alcohol is lighter in weight, so there is less matter to apply energy to, so it takes less time to complete any task that requires the use of energy on that substance.

B1) I think that soap will have the most drops stay on the penny, water second-most and alcohol the least.

B2) I think that the best way is to fill up the container to the top and then push the paperclip in from the side. Then, when I add soap, the paperclip will fall to the bottom because of decreased surface tension.

C) I do not think that temperature will have an effect on water’s solubility at all.

Data: A)

Data Table	Water	Alcohol
Temp. before heating	30°C	28°C
Temp. after heating	93°C	81°C
Temp. after cooling

B1)

	Water	Alcohol	Soapy Water
Estimated # of drops	6	4	8
Actual # of drops	36	28	15
Observations	Much greater than anticipated, greatest # of drops.	Much greater than anticipated, second -greatest # of drops.	Much greater than anticipated, least amount of drops.

B2) N/A

C)

	Hot Water	Cold Water
Temperature of Water	90°C	6°C
Grams of salt dissolved	20	7.5
Observations	The amount of salt that could be dissolved in hot water is definitely greater than that of cold water.

Conclusion: A) 1) Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.

2) Water has a higher specific heat, because it takes more heat to raise its temperature that it does to raise the temperature of alcohol.

3) Your body is about 75% water, and if water had a low specific heat, then you would boil to death on relatively cool days. Also, if water had a really low specific heat, you wouldn’t be able to cool down card fast enough.

B1) 1) My estimate was way off the actual amount of drops that stayed on the penny for each and every substance. I did not realize how big a penny was compared to the size of the water drops.

2) The difference between water and soapy water was that water stayed longest of all, and soap stayed least of all, totaling the difference to 16 drops. I think this happened because soap drastically decreases the surface tension of water.

3) Cohesion – When elements or molecules are attracted to each other in one way or another. This influenced my results because the molecular attraction between the molecules of each substance was different, so each was able to stay on the penny for different lengths of time. Surface tension – when the surface molecules’ cohesive forces aren’t balanced, the surface contracts, making it look like an elastic membrane. This affected my experiment, because without surface tension the water would not be able to make that dome shape and would have to stay flat, so not even one drop could stay on the penny.

B2) 1) I carefully placed the paperclip on the side of the cup so that one side was in the water, the heavier side, then I slid the rest of it in.

2) When I added soap, the paperclip sunk to the bottom of the bowl, because soap decreases the surface tension of water.

3) Hydrophilic substances are those that love water and want to bond with it (ewwww), and hydrophobic substances are those that are scared to death of water and would do anything to get away from it.

C) 1) I dissolved much more salt in hot water than in cold, which surprised me very much. The difference was an entire 12.5 grams! I think this may be because hot water’s molecules move around more, so they need more room to move around (some of which they don’t use), so there is more room for solutes. Then again, I am only hypothesizing – I’m not sure of why this truly happens.

2) A solute dissolves in a solvent through polar bonds – where one molecule is weakly attracted to another through negative or positive charges. I don’t know what role temperature plays in this.

3) I think more salt could dissolve in water, because olive oil has larger molecules, and thus one molecule fills up more space. If so, and there is one salt molecule per oil molecule, then the oil would dissolve less than water.

Bio quiz

ATP review:

1) What does ATP stand for? ( spell correctly!): ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate.

2) What 3 things make up ATP? One molecule of adenine, one molecule of ribose, and three molecules of phosphate.

3) What is cell energy? Cell energy is the ability to work.

4) Completeness summary of what we eat for energy and how it gets converted: (from notes). Energy a stored in covalent bonds ATP is the only energy source cells can use.

5) Write the equation that shows how energy is released from ATP: ATP à ADP+ PO₄+ energy

6) Write the equation showing how excess energy is toward an ATP: ADP+PO₄+ energy à ATP

7) What is the enzyme involved in the process of releasing energy and what is its job? The enzyme involved is ATPase, and its job is to cleave the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

1) Write the complete balanced equation for cellular respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ àfood energy à6H₂O+6CO2+~ 36 ATP

2) How many ATP molecules are created for cell use of the end of aerobic respiration? Glycolysis, the first stage of aerobic respiration, creates two molecules of ATP. The Krebs cycle, the second stage of aerobic respiration, creates another two. Finally, the electron transport chain creates 32 more ATP molecules. In total, aerobic respiration creates 36 molecules of ATP.

3) What step makes the most ATP molecules? Electronic transfer chain creates 32 molecules, which is 30 more than the other two steps.

4) What is oxygen’s job in aerobic respiration? Oxygen collects electrons from the electron transport chain and combines them with hydrogen ions to make water.

5) What is the waste product produced by the Krebs cycle? The waste product is three carbon dioxide molecules.

6) One humans exercise and not enough oxygen is available, what do their muscles produce? Their muscles produce lactic acid.

7) Alcoholic fermentation takes place in which organisms? Alcoholic fermentation takes place in most bacteria.

8) Write the three steps of aerobic respiration:

a. Glycolysis

b. Krebs cycle

c. The electron transport chain

9) What are the steps of anaerobic respiration, and write the number of ATP produced at each? I am not sure about this question.

10) Where does Glycolysis take place? Glycolysis takes place in the cell cytoplasm.

11) Where does the Krebs cycle take place? The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial material.

12) Where does the electronic transport system take place? The electronic transport system takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

13) What does anaerobic mean? Anaerobic means not requiring oxygen.

14) What is the initial reactant for the entire process of respiration? The initial reactant is a molecule of glucose.

15) What does Glycolysis do? Glycolysis splits a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules and also creates a net total of two ATP molecules.